EXCEDE the Search for Planets

Source: UA press release

Missions Posted:   02/17/12 Summary: Astronomers are developing new technology for a space telescope that would sit high above the Earth's surface and observe how planets around other stars form and evolve. The mission would return valuable data for astrobiologists who are searching for distant, habitable worlds.

If selected for flight, EXCEDE will use a 2.3 foot (.7 meter) primary mirror and a sophisticated starlight suppression system that will enable astronomers to observe the regions around stars otherwise hidden by starlight. Image Credit: Glenn Schneider/Steward Observatory A UA astronomy research team was awarded a $600,000 grant for technology development under NASA’s Explorer mission program. The mission would send a space telescope high above Earth's surface to watch how planets around other stars form and evolve. There has been much talk about possible Earth-like planets discovered by the Kepler space telescope launched just two years ago in the search for life outside our solar system. So far, it has discovered more than 2,326 possible Earth-like planets, and the number keeps growing. At the University of Arizona's Steward Observatory, an astronomy research team is asking questions such as, "How do planets like those found by Kepler arise? What materials are present during their initial formation? How do they evolve?" Glenn Schneider and his team hope to answer these questions with their mission proposal, EXCEDE, short for Exoplanetary Circumstellar Environments and Disk Explorer. A candidate for a NASA Explorer Mission, EXCEDE was awarded a $600,000 grant for technology development and maturation. The UA research team includes principal investigator Glenn Schneider, instrument scientist Olivier Guyon, and science team members Roger Angel, Laird Close, Philip Hinz, Michael Lesser and George Rieke. The dust disks around stars provide clues as to what types of materials help form planets and how they evolve. Image Credit: Glenn Schneider/Steward Observatory If selected for flight, EXCEDE would orbit 2,000 kilometers above the Earth's surface. It would use a primary mirror 2.3 feet (.7 meter) wide and a highly efficient starlight suppression system that would allow astronomers to see past a star's glare to observe the surrounding regions where possible planets may abide. "We want to understand how those exoplanetary systems come into being," said Schneider, "how unique or commonplace they are compared to our solar system and what makes other solar systems similar or different from our own." To learn about the evolutionary processes of planetary systems, the EXCEDE mission team proposes to study a range of 350 star systems. The primary focus is centered on regions surrounding the stars, called circumstellar environments that contain dust disks. Unlike common household dust, circumstellar dust consists of leftover debris from star formation that offers clues to what ingredients go into forming planets. "Measuring circumstellar dust by imaging it directly maps out the area around stars," explained Schneider. "It would tell us what types of material help form planets – whether the materials are small particles or big particles, a collection of different materials, or whether they are porous or non-porous." Within the circumstellar disks are habitable zones or regions where planets with potential for life may form or already exist. EXCEDE will be able to image existing planets within these habitable zones by mapping out their orbits through the star's dusty regions. This is a theoretical model depicting planets shaping the dust around stars, forming "gaps" or streaks with their orbits. EXCEDE will study the structures within the dust around stars to identify existing planets. Image Credit: G. Bryden "With their gravity, those planets shape the dust around stars, leaving dust structures for us to see and deduce the planet orbits," said Schneider. "We're interested in the entire circumstellar regions where planets might exist, but the uniqueness space is the region we call the habitable zone – where, in principle, water-based life could exist." To image the dusty regions surrounding stars, EXCEDE will use a sophisticated device called the Phase Induced Amplitude Apodized Coronagraph, or the PIAA coronagraph, pioneered by EXCEDE's instrument scientist Olivier Guyon. "It's is a fancy name for the way we control light," explained Schneider. "If you look at a star through a telescope, the light from the star itself is distributed over a big part of the image, and it makes it hard to see really faint things like dust or planets around stars." "The PIAA coronagraph will suppress that starlight and push that light back into the center where the star is, to keep the surrounded area dark. We need a dark background, not one polluted with starlight to see faint dust around stars." Other types of coronagraphs reject and block out some of the light that comes from stars, and as a result this causes light to diffract over a big part of the image. While other types of coronagraphs (left), block out only some of a star's glare, the PIAA coronagraph (right) will suppress all of the light from a star, rendering the surrounding dust disks more visible. Image Credit: Glenn Schneider/Steward Observatory "The PIAA coronagraph instead consists of highly curved mirrors to remap all of the light so there is no loss of light," explained Schneider. "It puts the light where it's supposed to be, if nature didn't diffract it in the first place. We need something new, and that's what EXCEDE is designed to do." If selected for flight, EXCEDE could launch as early as 2019. "Beyond EXCEDE, the big push is to find out how common Earth-like planets are and how unique or non-unique is the Earth itself," Schneider added. "In the long-range look of things, we want to find Earth-like planets around stars and characterize them. A part of this is the search for life outside of our solar system." Participating institutions for the EXCEDE mission include the University of California, Berkeley; the Carnegie Institute of Washington; Cambridge University; NASA Ames Research Center; and Goddard Space Flight Center and Lockheed-Martin Corp.

Einstein’s Theory of Photoelectric Emission

In 1905, Einstein proposed a simple but revolutionary explanation for the photoelectric effect. He assumed that light consists of bundles of energy, called photons and viewed photoelectric effect as a collision between a photon and a bound electron. The energy E of a single photon is given by   E = hv

                                  Robert A. Millikan (1868-1953)

Robert Andrews Millikan was born on March 22, 1868 in U.S.A. During his undergraduate course, his favorite subjects were Greed and Mathematics. But after his graduation in 1891, he took, for two years, a teaching post in elementary physics. In this period, he developed interest in the subject. He received his Ph. D. (1895) for research on polarization of light emitted by incandescent surfaces.

Millikan spent a year (1895-1896) in germany, at the Universities of Berlin and Gottingen. He returned at the invitation of A.A. Michelson to take appointment as his assistant at the newly established Ryerson Laboratory at the University of Chicago (1896). He became professor at that University in 1910, a post which he retained till 1921. As a scientist, millikan made numerous momentous discoveries in the fields of electricity, optics, and molecular physics. His earliest major success was the accurate determination of the charge carried by an electron, using the elegant “falling-drop method”. He also proved that this quantity was a constant for all electrons demonstrating the quantized nature of charge.He also verified experimentally Einstein’s photoelectric equation, and made the first direct photoelectric determination of Plank’s constant h. thoughout his life, Millikan remained a prolific author, making numerous contributions to scientific journals. He was awarded the Noble Prize in Physics in 1923.